Germany

Germany 1850-1914 Group members: Veronica Li, Lindy Wong, Michael Lai, Brandon Chia. =__Technology__= Germany itself did not exist until 1871. **__Positive and negative consequences of technological progress and industrialization in Germany __** **Positive consequences:**
 * Germany had the railway which made transporting military a lot faster, and telegraph could be sent a lot faster.
 * Austro-Prussia War: Prussia had new weapons, new tactics, and an efficient railway system that allowed troops and supplies to be transported effectively during war - people underestimated the power of the refurbished Prussian army.
 * Military was powerful under Bismarck’s command. This allowed Germany to set up war against Austria to determine which country will lead a united Germany.

**Negative consequences:**
 * During the revolution, Germany was at a shortage for workers, so it became a labor importing location. Much of the country’s wealth must have been spent in order to import these workers.
 * In the 19th century, many small farmers/day workers had to travel around to work for money.

**1. Agricultural revolution in Germany**  (known as Prussia at the time), leading to much larger amounts  of surplus and a population explosion
 *  Three-crop rotation system developed
 *  Fertilizer industry helped agriculture
 *  Potato and sugar-beet planting expanded
 *  Buying cows from the Swiss and the Dutch
 *  Increase of crops for feed for livestock
 * < Benefits ||
 * < * Arable land, milk and grain supply increased in Germany
 *  Other countries benefited through trade of items ||

 emigrate (mostly to the United States) ||
 * Negative Consequences ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> To prevent overpopulation, many people in Prussia had to

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**2. Development of industry**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Industrialists gathered together to begin developing manufacturing, leading to new services
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ironworks(to produce railways)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Development of telegraphy
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Steel production
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Benefits ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Profession opportunities increased, leading to higher wages and a larger distribution of talents and jobs
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Efficient transport of troops and supply for wars
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Communicative advantages in war with the technology development of the telegram ||


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Negative Consequences ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">More wars
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Disadvantages for other less developed war equipment/tactic countries
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Huge transition from agriculture to industry; country would be at an unstable state at first ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**3. Banking development** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> the financial situation of the country became very stable ||
 * Saving and investments introduced
 * That means when inflation occurs, wealth will overall increase in value
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Benefits ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Wealth could be tracked, and with the beginning of investments and commercial banking,


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Negative Consequences ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Wars would lead the country wealth to diminish, so stock market, etc. could have crashed with all those costs ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**4. Developing military, the age of war.** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Prussian army in 1866 for the Austro-Prussian war) * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Stronger army to win a victory at war
 * New tactics and weapons
 * More wars
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Benefits ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">New weapons and tactics (the Dreyse breech-loading rifle introduced in 1948 fully equipped the
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Allowed Prussia to win the war against Austria that determined Prussia to rule the united Germany ||


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Negative Consequences ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The loss of the other countries at war with Prussia (e.g. the French surrender)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">France suffered from the strong Prussian artillery - many dead, wounded or injured
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Franco-Prussian war: 83,000 were imprisoned by the Germans
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">France’s loss led to the fall of the second French Empire ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1870, after the battle at Sedan: Napoleon III surrenders to Prussia (Wilhelm I - the king at the time). The defeat of the French in the Franco-Prussian war - this also led to the fall of the French empire at the time (the second empire): **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Is your region technologically advanced for its time or not? Why do you think it is advanced or not? ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">At the time, Germany’s technological advancements were around average, since Bismarck just recently reunified Prussia with other German speaking provinces and regions. Even though this happened, Prussia was already relatively advanced, giving the newly formed country a head start.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Prussia (before Germany) was already preparing for war and developing largely on their military. Because of this, new weapons were introduced as well as new strategies that allowed Prussia to have warfare advantages because they were more developed in their military than some other countries (e.g. France, which couldn’t face the strong artillery they had).

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**__Citations:__** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bamber, Gascoigne. "HISTORY OF GERMANY." HistoryWorld. Web. 29 Aug. 2011. <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=2803>. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Frank B. Tipton, Jr. The Journal of Economic History. Vol. 34, No. 4 (Dec., 1974), pp. 951-979 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(article consists of 29 pages) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HERWIG, HOLGER H. "Germany." Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. Ed. John Merriman and Jay Winter. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 957-970. Gale World History In Context. Web. 29 Aug. 2011. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"Germany." Union County College Faculty Web Site. Web. 29 Aug. 2011. <http://faculty.ucc.edu/egh-damerow/new_page_3.htm>. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Napoleon III: surrender after the Battle of Sedan, 1870. Photograph. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Web. 29 Aug. 2011. <[]>. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Schrover, Marlou. "Industrial Revolution." Universiteit Leiden. Web. 26 Aug. 2011. <http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/migration/chapter3.html>.

=**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Social/Political Events__ **=

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Prussia made peace with Austria. Prussia also chose not to attack them/take their land. This made it possible for them to ally them since Austria was being attacked. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- The war left Prussia dominant in Germany. United Germany would become one of the most powerful of the European countries. The unification of Germany took almost 1000 years to complete.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Austro-Prussian War **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Benefits ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Made it possible for Prussia to make peace with Austria
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">War left Prussia dominant in Germany
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">United Germany would become a powerful european country. ||


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Negative Consequences ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Many soldiers and people died.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">German unification took 1000 years to achieve, after the disintegration of Charlemagne empire. ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Based on Spain’s agreement to Bismarck’s idea of Prince Leopold (of a section of the ruling legislative body of Prussia) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- France was absolutely against this idea <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Leopold withdrew due to pressure from France’s disagreement <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- France did not want the idea for the nominee to be renewed, causing war between two countries <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- France wanted to break up the alliances between German states and Prussia, but failed and lost the war
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Franco-Prussian War **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Benefits ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Prussia and German states won
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The victory of the war led to the unification of Germany, eventually developing to the modern day Germany
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Although France lost, it later formed the Third Republic of France, leading it to become the France it is in the present ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> wanted to continue the war (although war was eventually avoided) ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Negative Consequences ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The French lost the war, and their second empire collapsed
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Many lives lost in the war
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Relationships between Germany and France were sour, especially since the Third Republic of France



<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**3. 1871 Unification of Germany**- Bismarck achieved his target of unifying Germans under Prussian rule- United Germany achieved by defeating two strong countries in the way - Austria and France <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**__Citations:__** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Franco-German War: Prussian troops marching past the Arc de Triomphe. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 30 Aug. 2011. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Napoleon III: surrender after the Battle of Sedan, 1870. Photograph. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Web. 29 Aug. 2011. <[]>. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">SHOWALTER, DENNIS. "Franco-Prussian War." Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire. Ed. John Merriman and Jay Winter. Vol. 2. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 867-870. Gale World History In Context. Web. 30 Aug. 2011. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rayment, W.J. "The Unification of Germany." InDepthInfo: Information Delivered In-Depth. Web. 30 Aug. 2011. <http://www.indepthinfo.com/history/unification-of-germany.htm>.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Benefits ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">from 1870 - 1914, Germany rose to be the most advanced nation in Europe
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Nationalized Germany once again (since the Middle Ages)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">German steel production doubled each decade from 1870-1910, passing the British steel production in 1900
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Prussia annexed Alsace and Lorraine ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Negative Consequences ||
 * * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Austria not included in the German unification
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Germany remained conserved and autocratic as its political and social structure was weaker than its economy
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Prussia annexing Alsace and Lorraine gained a hint of bitterness from France ||



These links will help you to answer questions 1 & 2.

Here is a link for many primary docs-a lot are written in German, but not all. primary docs

Progress

Germany in the 19th century

Germany 1871-1914

Useful primary docs

The Franco-Prussian War

Bismarck

Great War timeline

German Revolution

German Imperialism information and primary sources