Russia

=**__RUSSIA__**= by Gabriel Katsuya, Howard Wong, Janet Ma, Marco Clark =__**Technological and Scientific Advancements**__ =

//__**Invention of the radiator (1857, Franz San Galli)**__//
//Franz San Galli and his invention of the radiator, 1857.//

__//Who Benefits and How?//__


 * Citizens benefit from the creation of the radiator due to it's ability to provide warmth during winter. Russia, being one of the coldest countries in the world, had always had need for heat, and this invention most certainly provided it.This invention also influenced modern day heating systems.

//__Negative Consequences:__//


 * Fairly costly when first released

__//**Periodic table of elements (1869, Dmitri Mendeleev)**//__
//Dmitri Mendeleev and The Periodic Table, 1869.//

__//Who Benefits and How?//__


 * This invention benefited the scientists of that time, as the Periodic Table allowed scientists to identify unknown elements.

//__Negative Consequences:__//


 * This invention did not really affect Russia as they did not take and implement the table into research or educational purposes immediately, whereas other countries took this information and started conducting long and extensive research.

__//**Yablochkov Candle (1876, Pavel Yablochkov)**//__
//Pavel Yablochkov and The Yablochkov Candle, 1879.//

__//Who Benefits and How?//__


 * This invention proved to be an effective light source for citizens.

__//Negative Consequences://__


 * On disconnecting the supply of fuel, the candle extinguishes. It cannot be restarted, as there is now no fuse wire between the electrode. Once switched off or consumed, the candle must be replaced. Electrodes last about two hours.

__//**Railway electrification system (1875, Fyodor Pirotsky)**//__
//Fyodor Pirostky and h Railway Electrification System, 1875.//

__//Who Benefits and How?//__


 * The citizens of that time benefited from the system because it had a higher power to weight ratio than other railway systems such as those that ran on diesel or steam.

__//Negative Consequences -//__


 * Upgrades or renovations are extremely costly, as the whole line must be closed down.

=__**Social and Political Events**__=

__**Emancipation of the Serfs (Liberation of the Slaves)**__

 * Led by Czar Alexander II.
 * Most government officials and landowners did not share the same opinion as the Czar of liberating the serfs.
 * Peasant and serf unrest was main reason for the emancipation.
 * Uprisings became more frequent.
 * Many serfs ran away.
 * Alexander II, therefore, signed emancipation manifesto on March3, 1861.

[[image:http://www.activehistory.co.uk/Miscellaneous/menus/A_Level/Late_Modern/Russia_and_the_USSR/tsar_alexander_II.jpg]]


//Alexander II, the "Czar Liberator", 1870//

//__Who benefits and how?__//


 * The newly-freed serfs who had previously worked on farms received land.
 * This allows for a more equal distribution of land among the social classes.
 * The now-freed serfs had greater incentive to work, as the profit they made would be their own.

__//Negative Consequences://__


 * This failed to give serfs an equal status to the other classes.
 * They still had to pay head taxes.
 * A tax payed for every person in the household.
 * They could not leave their communes.
 * Farming serfs received land, whereas household serfs did not.
 * This caused much dislocation.
 * The now-peasants were required to pay over time for the land they received.
 * They payed almost twice as much as the land was worth.
 * This takes away incentive to work, as the money they earn will not be theirs until they have payed their debt.
 * This does not completely take the incentive away as they know the money will eventually be theirs.
 * There was a rise in agrarian disturbances.

__**Other "Great Reforms"**__

 * Zemstvo System
 * Denoted the land, people, and country as separate from the government.
 * Much progress towards democracy.
 * The judiciary became an independent branch of the government.

//__Who benefits and how?__//


 * The common people benefitted, because their rights were beginning to be recognized.

__//Negative Consequences://__


 * Power was now less monopolized, as the Czar spread out his power.
 * This gave him less direct control of the country, allowing for greater opportunities of revolt and rebellion.

__**Russo-Japanese War**__


//Russo-Japanese War, 1904//


 * Russia and Japan fought over northeastern China.
 * Russia lost because of inferior technology, lack of popular support, and domestic issues.

__//Who benefits and how?//__


 * The Japanese benefit, as they acquire much land from Russia.
 * They receive Liaotung Peninsula, the souther part of Changchun, and the island of Sakhalin.
 * Japan is established as a world power.
 * Russia is shown how far behind they are in comparison to the European powers and begin to work towards industrialization.

//__Negative Consequences:__//


 * Total casualties are approximately 90,000 people.
 * Russia ceases to be recognized as one of the major world powers.
 * Russia's economy is further stressed because of the war.

**__Constitutional Monarchy__**
Nicholas II and his family, 1905.
 * After the [|Revolution of 1905](video link), Czar Nicholas II issued an imperial manifesto.
 * It was written on October 30, hence called the October Manifesto.
 * It guaranteed civil liberties to the Russian people.
 * Created a legislative assembly.
 * This assembly was allowed to pass or reject laws, and, in theory, held power almost equal to that of the Czar.

// Nicholas II: Nicholas II and his family, 1905 //. Photograph. //Encyclopedia Britannica Online//. Web. 23 Aug. 2011. < [] >.

//__Who benefits and how?__//


 * The Russian people benefit because, for a short time, they enjoy a greater freedom, and almost a democracy.

//__Negative Consequences:__//


 * This marked a great decline in power for Czar Nicholas II, which would ultimately lead to his overthrow.
 * Although the constitutional monarchy was created, it was not enforced, and the Czar slowly regained his powers. This led to the unhappiness of the people, another factor contributing to the Czar's overthrow.

**__ Russia __**
The following sites can be used to find examples that can be applied in either question 1 and 2. It's up to you to figure out how they best fit. Most importantly, practice explaining how.

Summary of Russia and Japan from a text : try the quiz for fun

Lots of great information on Russia and Japan: Read the headers and get the main ideas

I can't argue; it's a good wikipage

[|Good Timeline]

=__//**MLA 7 Citing -**//__ = = = Pearson, 2010. Web. 25 Aug. 2011 4. Walter Gerald Moss (1 October 2004). [|//A History Of Russia: Since 1855//]. Anthem Press. pp. 97–106. [|ISBN] [|9781843310341]. Retrieved 24 May 2010. 5. "Russo-Japanese War." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 25 Aug. 2011. <[|__http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War__]>. 6. "Russian History, 1892–1917." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 25 Aug. 2011. < [|__http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_history,_1892-1917__] >.
 * 1) "History & Culture of Russia / The Path to Revolution." Geographia - World Travel Destinations, Culture and History Guide. Web. 25 Aug. 2011. <[|__http://www.geographia.com/russia/rushis06.htm__]>.
 * 2) "The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914." McLane High School--Fresno, CA Homepage. Web. 25 Aug. 2011. <[|__http://mclane.fresno.k12.ca.us/wilson98/assigments/impch11.html__]>
 * 3) Pearson. "The Industrial Revolution, 1760-1850." The Industrial Revolution.